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Fixed-income investing is a lower-risk investment strategy that focuses on generating consistent payments from investments such as bonds, money-market funds and certificates of deposit, or CDs. Many people shift their portfolios toward a fixed-income approach as they near retirement, since they may need to rely on their investments for regular income.
While fixed-income assets are generally less risky than investing in growth-oriented investments like stocks, the approach is not risk free. Here’s what you need to know about fixed-income investing.
How fixed income investing works
Fixed-income investing focuses on giving you a consistent – a fixed – stream of money. Let’s say you decide you are comfortable putting $10,000 in a fixed income investment. Here are some key things you’ll look at when examining fixed-rate investments:
- interest rates of a range of different products
- the timeline for when they’ll pay you
- their maturity dates for when you can retrieve your principal
- the likelihood that you’ll be repaid
Do you want to be able to get your original $10,000 back in a year? Three years? Or are you looking to stash that money for an even longer period of time? Throughout that time, how frequently do you want to be paid? These are the types of questions you’ll be asking.
Once you’ve nailed down your specific needs, you’ll invest your money, and you can use those regular interest payments to cover your expenses.
Is fixed income investing right for you?
Fixed-income investing can be a particularly good option if you’re living on an actual fixed income and looking for ways to maximize your savings. And if you’re worried about the wild ups and downs of the stock market, fixed income investing can help you sleep a bit better at night.
“Fixed income investments can provide a degree of stability, especially for investors who are holding such investments for their income-generating ability and not actively trading based on price changes,” says Elliot Pepper, CPA, financial planner and co-founder at Maryland-based Northbrook Financial. “Investors who are less concerned with capital appreciation or are less tolerant of big market swings could be better served in a portfolio that provides the predictable return from a stream of income payments.”
Fixed-income investments are often paired with stock investments to create a more diversified and lower-risk portfolio. Fixed-income provides stability and regular cash flow, while stock investments offer growth over time, albeit at the expense of volatility. So a good investor can design a portfolio with both elements to meet their short- and long-term needs.
“We will typically consider an investor’s time horizon and risk tolerance in order to determine the appropriate balance of more conservative fixed income investments versus more aggressive equity or other investments,” says Pepper.
What are examples of fixed income investing?
If you’re considering fixed-income investments, you can pick from a wide range of products.
Federal government bonds: The federal government needs to raise capital, so it issues a range of fixed-income investments such as Treasury bills, Treasury notes and Treasury bonds. They come with a wide range of maturities (as little as four weeks and as long as 30 years), and most of them make regularly scheduled payments of accrued interest, which are known as coupons. Treasury bills pay the interest and return the principal at the end of the term.
“Typically, U.S. Government bonds are afforded the ‘safest’ label with regard to default risk,” Pepper says.
Municipal bonds: City, county and state governments also need capital to cover the costs of big projects such as a new interstate or new schools. These are also fairly safe investments, but there are still risks of default. One advantage of municipal bonds is that they’re typically tax-free in the state they’re issued in and free of federal tax, offering potentially more attractive returns.
Corporate bonds: As corporations work to grow, they need money, and corporate bonds can be a win-win for the companies who get capital and the bondholders who earn regular income. However, it’s important to note that some corporations are much financially healthier than others. Be sure to understand how a company generates cash flow from its business, because that’s likely how it will pay interest on the bonds. If the company runs into financial hardships and can’t make payments to bondholders, you could lose a portion or all of your investment.
“Bonds issued by certain corporations with a low credit rating, referred to as ‘junk bonds,’ will carry a higher interest rate,” Pepper says, “but the risk of default is much higher.”
Certificates of deposit (CDs): Certificates of deposit are available at banks and credit unions, and those financial institutions will pay a premium for your willingness to park your money for an extended period of time – anywhere between three months and five years or more. Instead of having easy access to your money in a savings account, a CD typically requires you to pay a penalty if you want to get your principal prior to maturity.
Money-market funds: Money-market funds are a kind of mutual fund that invests in short-term debt securities such as CDs, Treasurys and other forms of short-term corporate debt. They can provide a liquid source of money, but their returns will fluctuate with prevailing interest rates.
Pros and cons of fixed income investing
Pros
1. May protect you during market turbulence
Remember the stock market plunge of 2020? Casey T. Smith, president of Georgia-based Wiser Wealth Management, says that kind of “major market sell-off” can serve as a reminder of how positive fixed-income investments can be. Smith adds that “there is no cheaper hedge to the stock market than U.S. Treasuries.”
That hedge can be especially important if you’re retired and looking for ways to earn an income while dealing with the short-term scares of market swings.
“In retirement, theoretically, all you have to do for a great long-term return is keep enough cash for expenses for a few years, then invest in broad core indexes like the S&P 500,” Smith says.
“However, realistically, investors in retirement cannot stand that much volatility and would end up selling stocks and then buying back at the worst times,”he says. “Instead of fighting human nature to make bad investment decisions, you can add bonds to portfolios to smooth out the short-term volatility. The idea is that if you [have a portfolio of] 50 percent bonds, you will be taking on half of the market risk.”
2. Steady returns
If you’re trying to plan for your expenses in retirement, knowing exactly how much money you will generate from fixed-income investing can simplify your budgeting. You’ll know exactly how much money is coming in from your investments and can plan around that income.
3. Potential tax benefits
Some fixed-income investments have positives when it comes time to pay your annual bill to the government. For example, interest income from U.S. Treasurys is exempt from state and local income taxes, and earnings from municipal bonds are not subject to federal taxes.
Cons
1. Potentially lower returns
Because of their relative safety, fixed-income investments typically earn lower returns than riskier assets like stocks. And that means you may be missing out on the potentially much higher returns from stocks.
That’s one of the challenges with avoiding risk. Those unsure stock investments can wind up paying off in a much bigger way than a fixed coupon payment. But ultimately, the type of investment you choose will depend on your circumstances and risk tolerance.
2. Interest rate risk
“The largest downside we typically see in fixed income is interest rate risk,” Pepper says.
The rule in bonds is that when interest rates rise, bond prices fall. So, let’s say you paid $2,000 for a 10-year bond with a 3 percent interest rate. After three years of holding the bond, interest rates on a new 10-year bond are at 4 percent. If you want to sell your bond early, you’re competing against products with a better earning potential, so the bond will be worth less.
Some fixed-income products such as bank CDs won’t see a decline in price, but you may have to pay a penalty for closing the CD early.
3. Issues with cash access
Remember that getting the money you have in fixed-income investments isn’t as simple as making a withdrawal from your savings account. For example, if you lock up your money in a five-year CD and need that deposit two years in, you’re probably going to pay a penalty.
Also, if you need to sell a bond prior to maturity and interest rates have gone up, you may be forced to sell at a loss because the market will reprice the bond based on current interest rates.
Bottom line
Fixed-income investments can provide some valuable stability to a portfolio that’s composed mostly of stocks, and it’s one reason that financial advisors include them in investors’ portfolios. The fixed income helps reduce volatility while providing a steady stream of cash flow, a trait that’s particularly valuable for older Americans who need the security of regular income.
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